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Thomas Barclay (1728January 19, 1793) was a Philadelphia merchant, America’s first consul in France (1781–1787) and the American diplomat who negotiated America’s first treaty with the sultan of Morocco in 1786. He was the first American diplomat to die in a foreign country in the service of the United States. Barclay was born in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, son of Robert Barclay (d. 1779), prosperous linen merchant and ship owner. His mother’s name is unknown, but may have been Carsan. After learning the merchant trade in his father’s business in Strabane, he arrived in Philadelphia around 1764 in his mid-thirties. There he was active in the large Irish community, where he was a founding member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick (1771), and he became a successful merchant and ship-owner. His firm played a big role in the Irish trade – especially in the export of flax seed and the import of linen and other dry goods. As time passed, the firm’s ships were increasingly seen in the ports of England, southern Europe, the Caribbean, and occasionally the Mediterranean. In 1770 Thomas Barclay married Mary Hoops in Philadelphia. Born in 1750 in western Pennsylvania, Mary had moved to Philadelphia with her family at the age of eleven. She was one of eight children of Adam Hoops (1708–1771) and Elizabeth Finney Hoops (1720–1782). Thomas Barclay’s first decade in Philadelphia was a time of growing friction with England that began with the Stamp Act in 1765 and he was an early member of the resistance. A signer of non-importation agreements in 1765 and 1769, he was on the committee that organized the Philadelphia Tea Party in 1773, which used persuasion rather than violence to refuse the British East India Company's tea. He was one of only four men elected a member of the five successive Philadelphia correspondence committees during the resistance years of 1774-1776.〔Ryerson, Richard A., ''The Revolution is Now Begun'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, ISBN 0-8122-7734-1, pp.275-281〕 He was also elected to the Philadelphia Corporation in 1774, named a deputy delegate to the Provincial conventions in 1774 and 1775, and appointed to the Pennsylvania Navy Board in 1777. Following the outbreak of war with England and the Declaration of Independence he remained politically active. In 1781, when it became clear that William Palfrey, who had been named consul to France, was lost at sea, the Continental Congress named Barclay to the post. ==Consul in France== October 5, 1781, Thomas and Mary Barclay and their three young children embarked on the ship St. James, Captain Thomas Truxtun, and began a battle- and storm-filled voyage to France. There, working with minister Benjamin Franklin during the last years of the war, most of Barclay’s time was spent in Dutch and French ports arranging the shipment of blankets, clothing and other supplies for General George Washington’s troops. A year after his arrival, the Continental Congress also appointed him commissioner to settle America’s public accounts in Europe since 1776. At about the same time he agreed to be the agent in Europe for the Commonwealth of Virginia. In August 1784 Thomas Barclay welcomed to Paris John Adams, with whom he had worked in Holland, and Thomas Jefferson. They had been sent to negotiate treaties of friendship and commerce with the maritime states of Europe and the Barbary powers of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Libya in North Africa. Jefferson succeeded Franklin as minister to France in late spring of 1785, and from that time on Barclay worked closely with him on trade and other matters. In the fall of 1785 Jefferson proposed sending Thomas Barclay to negotiate a treaty of friendship and commerce with the sultan of Morocco, Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdullah, also known as Muhammad III (reigned 1757-1790). John Adams, who was by then serving as minister in London, agreed: "If Mr. Barclay will undertake the voyage, I am for looking no farther. We cannot find a steadier, or more prudent man."〔John Adams-Thomas Jefferson, August 23, 1785. Boyd, Julian P. et al., eds. ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', Princeton University Press. v.8. p.424.〕 Jefferson and Adams were faced with difficult decisions by threats to American shipping from the Barbary corsairs. In October 1784 an American merchantman had been seized in the south Atlantic by a Moroccan corsair; this, the Moroccan sultan had quickly explained, was to get America to send an envoy to negotiate a treaty with him. He had sought this through diplomatic channels for a number of years with no success.〔Roberts, Priscilla H. and James N. Tull, “Moroccan Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdallah’s Diplomatic Initiatives Toward the United States, 1777-1786.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143, no. 2 (June 1999): 233-265〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas Barclay (diplomat)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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